List of Fossils with Soft Tissues

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Below is a list of Fossils discovered with soft tissues still remaining in a table format.

Why is this list important? The recent discovery of undecomposed soft tissues in fossils is extraordinarily strong evidence, arguably a proof, these dinosaurs did not die tens of millions of years ago as is commonly claimed from naturalists but instead the creature died no more than a few thousand years ago. This evidence also overthrows the previously held dates of the geologic column knowing the contents of the rocks cannot be younger than the rocks themselves.

If you have discovered a fossil online that has not been listed here, please feel free to add it to the list by linking to the news story or other reference, a short description of what soft tissues remain intact, the type of the fossil if provided, and the date of discovery if provided.

ICR List of Biomaterial Fossil Papers

This list is from the Institute of Creation Research at this link.

# Year Description Secular Age Reference Link(s) Vol (Issue), pp, DOI, etc.
122 2022 Turtle blood vessels and osteocytes 65MY Voegele et al. Soft tissue and biomolecular preservation..., Biology link nan
121 2021 Caudipteryx chromatin/DNA 125MY Zheng et al. Nuclear preservation in the cartilage of Caudipteryx, Comm Biol link 22:45:00
120 2021 Parts of proteins in titanosaur eggshell ~70MY Dhiman et al. Protein fragments in late Cretaceous eggshell, Paleontology link 7/13/2021:1-11
119 2021 Nerve fragments, sheath, from Triceratops bone 65MY Armitage, First Report of Triceratops Occipital Condyle Nerves, Microsc Today link 29(2):20-25
118 2020 Mongolemys osteocytes, blood vessels 80MY Cadena, Edwin-Alberto. In situ SEM/EDS of soft tissues in 3 fossil turtles link nan
117 2020 Dino eggshell peptide bonds and chelating ligands 200MY Norell, Wiemann, et al. The first dinosaur egg was soft, Nature link 583:406–410
116 2020 Hypacrosaurus cartilage; apparent chromosomes 75MY Bailleul, Schweitzer et al. Evidence of proteins, chromosomes, DNA, NS Rev link doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz206
115 2020 Triceratops blood clots, veins, valves, nerve fibers 65MY Armitage, Solliday, Dinosaur blood clots in vessel canals, Microscopy Today link 28(5):30-38 Sept 2020
114 2019 Hadrosaur eumelanin, blood vessel, osteocytes 66MY Fabbri, Wieman. et al., Three-dimensional soft tissue, Palaeontology link 63(2):185–193, Mar 2020.
113 2019 Permian marker plant's lignin biopolymers ~255MY Tewari et al. Biomarker signatures of Glossopteris plant. Palaeogeography PP link 531, Part B
112 2019 T. rex cortical bone blood vessel structures 66MY Boatman, Schweitzer et al. Tissue and protein preserved in T. rex, N Sci Rep link SR9:15675
111 2019 Precambrian chitin (from glucose) from fungi walls ~950MY Loron et al. Early fungi from the Proterozoic era in Arctic Canada, Nature link 10.1038/s41586-019-1217-0
110 2019 Partially unracemized feather amino acids in amber 99MY McCoy, Collins et al. Amino acids from feathers in amber, Scientific Reports link 9(6420):1-8
109 2019 Sugars from Cretaceous fungi in mudstones & coal ~25-70MY Marynoswki et al. Indicators of fungal metabolism, Int'l J of Coal Geology link May 2019, pp 51-61
108 2019 Lebanon's hagfish fossil with skin protein remnants ~100MY Miyashita, et al. Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea, Proc. Nat'l Acad Sci link 10.1073/pnas.1814794116
107 2019 Edmontosaur osteocytes, blood vessels, collagen 66MY Ullmann, Nellermoe et al. Patterns of cellular preservation Cretaceous Res. link 99:1-13
106 2019 Anchiornis feather keratin 160MY Pan, Schweitzer et al. Direct evidence of feather molecular evolution PNAS link 10.1073/pnas.1815703116
105 2018 Flexible portions of skin layers, red-brown liver trace 180MY Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Icthyosaur homeothermy and crypsis, Nature link 564:359–365
104 2018 Bacteriochlorophyll (still pink & biological) pigments 1.1GY Gueneli et al 1.1-billion-year-old porphyrins, Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sciences link doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803866115
103 2018 Bivalve organics in the late Cretaceous 66MY Myers et al. Cretaceous Pinna organic matrix & shell microstructure, Geology link 46 (8):711-714
102 2018 Dickinsonia lipid biomarkers showing cholesteroids 558MY Bobrovskiy et al. Steroids establish Ediacaran Dickinsonia as animal, Science link 361(6408):1246-1249
101 2018 Starch (a polysaccharide) in a forest deposit 280MY Liu et al. Fossil starch reveals early plant–animal mutualism, Geology link 46(5):423-426
100 2017 Sea turtle muscle protein, beta-keratin, pigment 54MY Lindgren, Schweitzer et al. Juvenile sea turtle, Nature: Scientific Reports link 7(13324):1-13
99 2017 Bird preening (sebaceous) gland still containing oil 48MY O'Reilly et al. Uropygial gland lipids in 48MY-old bird, Proc. Royal Soc. B link 284(1865)
98 2017 Dinosaur eggshell color by protoporphyrin/biliverdin 66MY Wiemann et al. Dinosaur egg color: oviraptors laid blue-green eggs, PeerJ link PeerJ 5:e3706
97 2017 Ginkgo leaves "full of organic molecules" 200MY Vajda et al. Molecular signatures of leaves unexpected, Nature Eco & Evol link s41559-017-0224-5
96 2017 Melanin in nodosaurus dino (and other biologicals) 112MY Brown et al. Exceptionally preserved armored dinosaur, Current Biology link 27(16):2514-2521.e3
95 2017 Tick-related mammalian "red blood cells" 20-45MY Poinar, Tick erythrocytes reveal piroplasms, Journal of Medical Entomology link 54(4):895-900
94 2017 Nothosaurus coracoid vessel, hydroxyproline ~225MY Surmik et al. Intraosseous fossilized middle Triassic soft tissue, Sci of Nature link 104(3-4):25
93 2017 Reconfirmation of B. canadensis dinosaur collagen 80MY Schroeter, Schweitzer et al. Expansion of sequence, J of Proteome Research link 16(2):920-932
92 2017 Lufengosaurus rib collagen 195MY Lee et al. Collagen in an early Jurassic sauropod, Nature Communications link ncomms14220
91 2016 Proteinaceous amide groups in chert 1.88GY Alleon, Bernard et al. Molecular preservation of 1.88 Ga... organic..., Nature link ncomms11977
90 2016 Early Triassic reptile blood vessels, etc. 247MY Surmik et al. Organic Matter from Triassic Reptile, PLoS ONE link pone.0151143
89 2016 Psittacosaurus dinosaur skin now also has keratin 130MY Vinther et al. Camouflage in an Ornithischian dinosaur, Current Biology link 26:2456–2462
88 2016 Beta-keratin in oviraptor dinosaur claw 75MY Moyer, Schweitzer et al. The claw of nesting dinosaur, Proc Royal Society B link 283(1842):1-7
87 2015 Hadrosaur "blood vessels from Brachylophosaurus" 80MY Cleland, Schweitzer et al. Blood vessels characterization, J Proteome Res link 14(12):5252-5262
86 2015 Dinosaur collagen and red blood cells 75MY Bertazzo, et al. Fibres and cellular structures..., Nature Communications link ncomms8352
85 2015 Dinosaur melanosomes and pigment 150MY Lindgren et al. Molecular composition of Jurassic feathers, Scientific Reports link srep13520
84 2015 A pterosaur's orange claw material 150MY Hone et al. A specimen of Rhamphorhynchus with soft tissue, PeerJ link PeerJ 3:e1191
83 2014 Precambrian multicellular animals (metazoans) 530MY Moczydłowska et al. Biogeochemisty of Ediacaran Metozoa, J of Paleontology link 88(2):224-239
82 2014 Turtle blood vessels and osteocytes 55MY Cadena and Schweitzer. A Pelomedusoid Turtle..., J of Herpetology link nan
81 2014 Bird, marine reptile, mosasaur, icthyosaur pigments 55-190MY Edwards et al. Pigments through time [survey], Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. link 27(5):684-685
80 2014 Turtle, mosasaur, and icthyosaur eumelanin 55-190MY Lindren et al. Pigmentation... melanism in extinct marine reptiles, Nature link 506(7489):484-488
79 2014 Gastropod egg capsule chitin 200MY Wysokowski et al. Chitin in 200-million-year-old egg capsules, Paleobiology link 40(4):529-540
78 2014 Extinct aquatic bird Gansus feather melanosomes ~125MY Moyer, Schweitzer et al. Melanosomes or Microbes, Scientific Reports link srep04233
77 2013 Triceratops osteocytes; soft sheets of fibrillar bone 65MY Armitage, Anderson, Soft sheets of horn fibrillar bone, Acta Histochemica link 115(6):603-608
76 2013 Vauxia sea sponge chitin 505MY Ehrlich et al. 505-million-year old chitin in Vauxia gracilenta, Scientific Reports link srep03497
75 2013 Lufengosaurus embryo bone protein 190MY Reisz, Embryology of early Jurassic dino with evidence of organic... Nature link 496(7444):210-214
74 2013 Signature of blood in mosquito gut 46MY Greenwalt et al. Hemoglobin-derived porphyrins. Proc. Nat'l Acad of Sci link 2013-10-14 00:00:00
73 2013 Dino DNA & proteins actin, tubulin, PHEX, histone 66-80MY Schweitzer et al. Analyses of dino osteocytes support endogenous... Bone link 52(1):414-23
72 2013 Biological material in crinoids 350MY O'Malley et al. Taxon-specific organic molecules, Geology link 41(3):347-350
71 2012 Cuttlefish ink sac 160MY Glass et al. Jurassic period eumelanin pigment, Proc. Nat'l Acad. of Sciences link 109(26):10218-10223
70 2012 Archaeopteryx black melanin organosulpher residue 150MY Carney et al. Color and nature of Archaeopteryx feather, Nature link ncomms1642
69 2012 Jurassic turtle osteocytes 145MY Cadena, Schweitzer, Osteocytes preservation from the Jurassic, Bone link 51(3):614-620
68 2011 Chitin arthropod (scorpion) and eurypterid proteins 417MY Cody et al. Molecular signature of Paleozoic chitin-protein complex, Geology link 39(3):255-258
67 2011 Type 1 collagen in Cretaceous mosasaur humerus ~70MY Lindgren et al. Microspectroscopic evidence of bone proteins, PLoS ONE link 6(4): e19445
66 2011 Endogenous Mississaepia cuttlebone chitin sheets 34MY Weaver et al. Late Eocene cuttlefish B-chitin consistent organics, PLoS ONE link pone.0028195
65 2011 Lizard tail skin breakdown products 50MY Edwards et al. Tissue preservation in 50MY-old reptile skin, Proc Royal Soc B link rspb.2011.0135
64 2011 Type l collagen in T. rex and hadrosaur dinosaurs 68MY San Antonio, et al, Dinosaur peptides... mech of protein survival, PLoS ONE link pone.0020381
63 2011 Bird feather pigment from Confuciusornis sanctus 120MY Wogelius et al. Biomarkers for eumelanin pigment in fossil record, Science link 333(6049):1622-1626
62 2010 Stegosaurus plate keratin ~150MY Christiansen et al. Stegosaur impressions, Swiss Journal of Geosciences link 103(2):163-171
61 2010 Messel feather highly reflective nanostructure 40MY Vinther et al. Structural coloration in a fossil feather, Roy Soc Biology Letters link 6(1):128-131
60 2010 Archaeopteryx feather shaft original chem remains 150MY Bergmann et al. Archaeopteryx feathers & bone chemistry, Proc Nat Acad Sci link 107(20):9060-9065
59 2010 Sinosauropteryx compsognathid dino melanosomes 125MY Zhang et al. Fossilized melanosomes and the colour of dinos & birds, Nature link 463:1075-1078
58 2010 Hadrosaur biomolecules, collagen & other proteins 80MY Peterson et al. Microbial biofilms [&] soft tissue in archosaurs, PLoS One link pone.0013334
57 2010 Psittacosaurus dinosaur skin color 125MY Lingham-Soliar et al. Integument & color of a ceratopsian, Science of Nature link 97:479-486
56 2010 Mammal hair in amber 100MY Vullo et al. Mammalian hairs in early Cretaceous amber, Science of Nature link 97(7):683-687
55 2009 Hadrosaur vessel proteins, sequenced collagen 80MY Schweitzer et al. Biomolecular... protein sequences of hadrosaur, Science link 324(5927):626-631
54 2009 Hadrosaur skin cell structures/macromolecules 66MY Manning et al. Chemistry in a mummified hadrosaur, Proc. Royal Society B link 276:3429-3437
53 2009 Salamander muscle, whole 18MY McNamara et al. Organic... fossil musculature with ultracellular detail, P RS B link 277(1680):423-427
52 2008 Feather melanocytes 100MY Vinther et al. The color of fossil feathers, Royal Society Biology Letters link 4(5):522-525
51 2008 Psittacosaurus skin fibers ~125MY Lingham-Soliar, Psittacosaurus complex fibre architecture, Proc Royal Soc B link 275(1636):775-780
50 2008 T. rex amino acid sequences 68MY Schweitzer et al. Molecular methods examining..., Comptes Rendus Palevol link 7(2-3):159-184
49 2008 Osteocyte (bone cells) 5MY Bell et al, Mineralized osteocyte: a living fossil, American Journal of Physics link 137:449-456
48 2007 Tyrannosaurus rex collagen 68MY Schweitzer et al. T. rex soft tissue suggests the presence of protein, Science link 316(5822):277-280
47 2007 Triceratops blood vessels, osteocytes 66MY Schweitzer, Horner et al. Cellular preservation from Cretaceous, Proc RS B link 274(1607):183-197
46 2007 T. rex proteins sequenced 68MY Asara, Schweitzer et al. Mastodon & T. rex protein sequences, Science link 316(5822):280-285
45 2007 T. rex proteinaceous materials, sequenced collagen 40-150MY Smejkal, Schweitzer, Will tech. enable dino proteomics, Exp Rev Proteomics link 4(6):695-699
44 2006 Frog bone marrow 10MY McNamara et al. Organic preservation of amphibian bone marrow, Geology link 34(8):641-644
43 2005 Sauropod egg shell ovalbumin protein ~75MY Schweitzer et al. Molecular preservation in dinosaur eggshells, P Roy Soc B link 272(1565):775-784
42 2005 Avian bone collagen implying "molecular integrity" ~75MY Avci, Schweitzer et al. Bone collagen from late Cretaceous, Langmuir link 21(8):3584-3590
41 2005 Dinosaurian cellular and sub-cellular preservation ~68MY Wittmeyer, Schweitzer, Dino vessels and cells in fossils, J Vert. Paleontology link 25(3) 65th Ann. Mtg
40 2005 T. rex vessels, cells, soft flexible connective tissue 68MY Schweitzer, Horner et al. T. rex soft-tissue vessels, cellular preserv., Science link 307(5717):1952-1955
39 2004 Isolated non-spore-forming bacteria living in amber 120MY Greenblatt et al. Micrococcus luteus - Survival in Amber, Microbial Ecology link 48(1):120-127
38 2003 Skin fibers 130MY E. Frey et al., Palaeobiology of Pterosaurs, Geological Society Publication link No. 217
37 2003 Algal and bacterial organic molecules 2.5GY Brocks et al. Biological diversity in molecular fossils, Geoch Cosmochem Acta link 67(22):4321-4335
36 2003 Iguanodon dinosaur osteocalcin protein 120MY Embery et al. Iguanodon bone proteinaceous material, Connective Tissue R link 44(1):41-46
35 2002 Metasequoia cellulose (with no O18) 34-56MY Jahren, Sternberg, Oxygen isootopes in Arctic fossil wood, GSA Today link 1/2002:4-9
34 2001 Tyrannosaur rex collagen SEM scans 65MY Armitage, Mummified collagen fibers in fossil T. rex bone, CRS Quarterly link 38(2):61-66
33 2000 Live bacteria from halite [salt] deposit 250MY Vreeland et al. Isolation of halotolerant bacterium from salt crystal, Nature link 407:897-900
32 2000 Non-collagen dinosaur proteinaceous extracts 125MY Embery et al. Non-collagenous proteins from dinosaur Iguanodon, Conn Tis R link 41(3):249-259
31 1999 Alvarezsaurid (probable dinosaur) β-keratin protein ~100MY Schweitzer et al. Beta-keratin immunological reactivity, J Exper. Zoology link 285(2):146-157
30 1999 Similar live bacteria strains from separate rock salts 250MY Stan-Lotter et al. Halococcus in Permo-Triassic salt deposits, Microbiology link 145:3565-3574
29 1999 Keratin in Madagascar bird 65MY Schweitzer et al. Immunoreactivity in Cretaceous bird, J. of Vert. Paleontology link 19(4):712-722
28 1998 Tarbosaurus (T. rex) blood vessels 80MY Pawlicki et al. Blood vessels and red blood cells in dinosaur, Annals Anatomy link 180(1):73-77
27 1997 T. rex peptides and proteins; likely type 1 collagen ~68MY Schweitzer et al. Biomolecules in Cancellous Bone, J. of Vert. Paleontology link 17(2):349-359
26 1997 Fossil diatom chitin 24MY Stankiewicz et al. Preservation of chitin in 25-million-year-old fossils, Science link 276(5318):1541-1543
25 1997 Heme in Tyrannosaurus rex bone 67MY Schweitzer et al. Heme compounds in dinosaur trabecular bone, PNAS link 94(12):6291-6296
24 1995 Live bacteria spores from a bee encased in amber 25-40MY Cano and Borucki, Revival of bacterial spores in Dominican amber, Science link 268(5213):1060-1064
23 1994 Unaltered amino acids in amber insects 130MY Bada et al. Insect in amber racemization, Geochemica Cosmochemica Acta link 58(14):3131-3135
22 1994 Cretaceous DNA for mitochondrial cytochrome b 80MY Woodward et al. DNA sequence from Cretaceous bone fragments, Science link 266(5188):1229-1232
21 1993 Chloroplast tree gene partly sequenced (346 pairs) 35-40MY Poinar et al. DNA from an extinct plant, Scientific Correspondence link 363(6431):677
20 1993 Organic material in T. rex and theropod dinosaurs 65MY+ Ostrom et al. Trophic structure of Creataceous communities, Geology link 21(6):491-494
19 1992 Termite nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences 25-30MY DeSalle et al. Oligo-miocene amber termite DNA sequences, Science link 257(5078):1933-1936
18 1992 Osteocalcin in a seismosaur dinosaur bone 150MY Muyzer et al. Preservation of bone protein osteocalcin in dinosaurs, Geology link 20:871-874
17 1991 Seismosaurus [now, Diplodocus] vertebra proteins 150MY Gurley et al. Proteins in bone of Seismosaurus, Journal of Protein Chemistry link 10(1):75-90
16 1990 Magnolia leaf chloroplast 820-base DNA sequence 17-20MY Golenberg et al. Chloroplast DNA sequence from Miocene Magnolia, Nature link 344(6267):656-658
15 1990 Tyrannosaurus tooth hydroxyproline ~80MY Ostrom et al. High molecular weight material, Adv. in Organic Geochemistry link 16(4-6):1139-1144
14 1987 Seven hadrosaurs unfossilized bones 80MY Davies, Duck-billed dinosaurs from the north slope of Alaska, J of Paleont. link 61(1):198-200
13 1985 Metabolic pathways of dinosaur bones 80MY Pawlicki, Metabolic pathways of dino bones Pt. 5, Folia Histochem Cytochem link 23(3):165-174
12 1976 Dinosaur gelatins made from fossil proteins ~100MY Wyckoff et al. Pleistocene and dinosaur gelatins, Comp Biochem Physiology B link 55(1):95-97
11 1976 Repeating sequence of mollusk shell glycoproteins 80MY Weiner et al. Characterization of 80M-year-old mollusk shell proteins, PNAS link 73(8):2541-2545
10 1974 Dinosaur proteins and polysaccharides 70MY DeJong et al. Antigenic properties of macromolecules over 70 Myr, Nature link 252(5478):63–64
9 1972 Modern (advanced) proteins in many ancient fossils ~145MY Schopf, Fossil Proteins "Biochemistry of animal fossils" book review, Science link 178(4065):1086
8 1972 Jurassic collagen, evidence of various proteins ~145MY Wyckoff, The Biochemistry of Animal Fossils, Scientechnica link 152 pages
7 1972 Biological material in saltwater clam shell ? Crenshaw, M. A., Biomineralization Research Reports link 6:6–11
6 1968 Collagen from Megalosaurus dinosaur egg shell 166MY Voss-Foucart, Paleoproteins, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology link 24(1):31-32
5 1968 Intact proteins from half of many bones 150MY Miller, Wyckoff, Proteins in Dinosaur Bones, Proc. Nat'l Acad. of Sciences link 60(1):176-178
4 1966 Collagen & vessels in dinosaur bone 200MY Pawlicki et al. Cells, collagen fibrils and vessels in dinosaur bone, Nature link 211(5049):655-657
3 1963 Collagen in Devonian fish 393MA Isaacs, W.A.,, and K. Little. Collagen and a Cellulose-like Substance in Fossil Dentine and Bone link 197:192. DOI: 10.1038/197192a0
2 1962 Collagen fibers in Dremotherium 30MA Little, K., M. Kelly, and A. Courts. Studies on bone matrix in normal and osteoporetic bone. J. Bone and Joint Surg. 44-B(3): 503 link 44-B(3):503
1 1954 Devonian alanine, glutamic, & glycine amino acids 360MY Abelson, Paleobiochemistry: Organic constituents of fossils, Carnegie Inst. link 1954:97-101


List of Fossils

Reference(s) Types of Tissue(s) Name Date of Discovery
[1] bone blood cells ? 1993
[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] hemoglobin, recognizable red blood cells, and unmineralized bone T-Rex 1997
[7] blood vessels ? 1998
[8] pectoral muscles, acicular fibres clearly visible under ×50 magnification juvenile Scipionyx samniticus 1998
[9] evidence of the protein osteocalcin Iguanodon 2003
[10] [11] flexible ligaments and blood vessels T-Rex 2005
[12] [13] [14] Collagen and tryptic peptide sequences of collagen T-Rex 2005 or 2007
[13] [14] tryptic peptide sequences of collagen Mammoth skull 2007
[14] "soft tissues rare, sheet-like matrix, flexible vessels, osteocytes present" juvenile Triceratops horridus rib 2007
[14] varied numerous 2007
[15] [16] The fragile proteins elastin and laminin and further confirmation of collagen duck-billed dinosaur / Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis 2009
[17] organic molecules Mosasaur 2011
[18] [19] bone cells (osteocytes), proteins actin and tubulin, and DNA ? 2012
[20] [21] [22] soft flexible tissues and other organic molecules Triceratops horridus horn 2013, 2015
[23] [24] various plants, bony fish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, ammonoids, and bivalves 2023
Ex Ex Ex Ex

Possible Candidates

These fossils have ambiguous wording in their reporting that makes it seem as if there were undecomposed soft tissues but cannot be determined decisively.

Reference(s) Types of Tissue(s) Name Date of Discovery
[25] [26] the skin, the armor that coats its skin, the spikes along its side, most of its body and feet, its face, & stomach contents Borealopelta markmitchelli 2011
[27] ? ankylosaur 2023?
Ex Ex Ex Ex


Known but unlisted

  1. "The researchers also analyzed other fossils for the presence of soft tissue, and found it was present in about half of their samples..." [28]
  2. Although not a soft tissue, in 2012 radiocarbon (Carbon-14) was detected in dinosaur bones. We know radioisotope decay cannot be used for accurate dating but if we follow the assumptions within the method, we arrive at an age of less than 40,000 years old. Something to note is Carbon-14 decays so quickly, given the level of precision of modern machines if the substance were even 100,000 years old then we should be unable to detect any radiocarbon at all. [29] [30]

See Also


References

  1. ↑ Morell, V., Dino DNA: The hunt and the hype, Science, Science 261(5118):160-162, 1993.
  2. ↑ Schweitzer, M., and 8 others, Heme compounds in dinosaur trabecular bone, PNAS USA 94:6291-6296, 1997.
  3. ↑ Schweitzer, M. and Staedter, I., The real Jurassic Park, Earth, pp. 55-57, June 1997.
  4. ↑ Hecht, J., Dinosaur bones yield blood protein, New Scientist 154(2087):16, 1997.
  5. ↑ Schweitzer, M.H., Johnson, ., Zocco, T.G., Horner, J.R., and Starkey, J.R., Preservation of biomolecules in cancellous bone of Tyrannosaurus rex, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(2):349-359, 1997.
  6. ↑ Schweitzer, M.H. et al., Heme compounds in dinosaur trabecular bone, PNAS 94:6291-6296, 1997.
  7. ↑ R. Pawlicki and M. Wowogrodzka-Zagorska. “Blood vessels and red blood cells preserved in dinosaur bones.” Annals of Anatomy 180 (1998): 73–77;
  8. ↑ Sasso, Cristiano Dal and Marco Signore. “Exceptional soft-tissue preservation in a theropod dinosaur from Italy.” Nature 392 (1998): 383-387.
  9. ↑ bones of an Iguanodon contained enough of the protein osteocalcin to produce an immune reaction. Embrey, G., and 5 others, Identification of proteinaceous material in the bone of the dinosaur Iguanodon, Connective Tissue Research 44 Suppl 1:41-46, 2003.
  10. ↑ Schweitzer, M. and 3 others, Soft-tissue vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex, Science 307 (5717):1952-1955,2005
  11. ↑ Stokstad, E., Tyrannosaurus rex soft tissue raises tantalizing prospects, Science 307(5717):1852, 2005.
  12. ↑ Schweitzer, M. and 6 others, Analysis of soft tissue from Tyrannosaurus rex suggest the presence of protein, Science 316(5822):277-280, 2007.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Asara, J. M., Schweitzer, M. H., Freimark, L. M., Phillips, M., & Cantley, L. C. (2007). Protein sequences from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex revealed by mass spectrometry. Science (New York, N.Y.), 316(5822), 280–285. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1137614
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Schweitzer Mary Higby, Wittmeyer Jennifer L and Horner John R 2007Soft tissue and cellular preservation in vertebrate skeletal elements from the Cretaceous to the presentProc. R. Soc. B.274183–197 http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.3705
  15. ↑ Schweitzer, M. and 15 others, Biomolecular characterization and protein sequences of the Campanian hadrosaur B. canadensis, Science 324(5927):626-631, 2009.
  16. ↑ Service, R.F., 'Protein' in 80-million-year-old fossil bolsters controversial T. rex claim, Science 324:578, 2009
  17. ↑ Lingren, J., et al., Mirospectroscopic evidence of Cretaceous bone proteins, PloS ONE 6(4):1-11, 2011.
  18. ↑ Schweitzer, M. and 3 others, Molecular analyses of dinosaur osteocytes support the presence of endogenous molecules, Bone 52(1):414-423, 2013.
  19. ↑ Sarfati, J., DNA and bone cells found in dinosaur bone, J. Creation 27(1):10-12, 2013; creation.com/dino-dna, 11 December 2012
  20. ↑ Armitage, M.H. and Anderson, K.L., Soft sheets of fibrillary bone from a fossil of the supraorbital horn of the dinosaur Triceratops horridus, Acta Histochemica 115(6):603-608, 2013.
  21. ↑ Armitage, M., Soft bone material from a brow horn of a Triceratops horridus from Hell Creek Formation, Montana, Creation Research Society Quarterly 51(4):248-258, 2015.
  22. ↑ Anderson, Echoes of the Jurassic.
  23. ↑ Xu Dai et al. ,A Mesozoic fossil lagerstätte from 250.8 million years ago shows a modern-type marine ecosystem.Science379,567-572(2023).DOI:10.1126/science.adf1622
  24. ↑ Remarkable Fossil Deposit From China. Page 7 Creation 45(3) 2023
  25. ↑ Jeanne Timmons - Jan 25, 2023 12:30 pm U. T. C. (2023, January 25). Researchers look a dinosaur in its remarkably preserved face. Ars Technica. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://arstechnica.com/science/2023/01/researchers-look-a-dinosaur-in-its-remarkably-preserved-face/?utm_medium=social&utm_social-type=owned&utm_source=twitter&utm_brand=ars
  26. ↑ M., B. C., Caleb M. Brown Caleb M. Brown http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-8677 Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Brown, C. M., Caleb M. Brown http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-8677 Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Greenwood, D. R., David R. Greenwood http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8569-9695 Department of Biology, Kalyniuk, J. E., Jessica E. Kalyniuk Department of Biology, Braman, D. R., Dennis R. Braman Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Henderson, D. M., Donald M. Henderson Royal Tyrrell Museum of Paleontology, Greenwood, C. L., Cathy L. Greenwood Department of Biology, Basinger, J. F., James F. Basinger Department of Geological Sciences, Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5001044., & Al., E. (2020, June 3). Dietary paleoecology of an early cretaceous armoured dinosaur (Ornithischia; Nodosauridae) based on floral analysis of stomach contents. Royal Society Open Science. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.200305
  27. ↑ Yoshida, J., Kobayashi, Y. & Norell, M.A. An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs. Commun Biol 6, 152 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-04513-x
  28. ↑ Pappas, S. (2013, November 27). Controversial T. rex soft tissue find finally explained. LiveScience. Retrieved January 27, 2023, from https://www.livescience.com/41537-t-rex-soft-tissue.html
  29. ↑ Evolutionists Say the Oddest Things: Surprising Admissions From Leading Scientists. Page 96. 2015.
  30. ↑ Press Release "Dinosaur bones' Carbon-14 dated to less than 40,000 years - Censored international conference report" and additional information, newgeology.us/presentation48.html, accessed 27 December 2012.


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