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| We conclude that there is a design in the evolution of the venous connections of the heart, pectinate muscles, atrioventricular valves,' left ventricular tendons, outflow tracts, and great arteries. One neglected aspect in the study of evolution is that of anticipation. Fish atria and ventricles appear to have a built-in provision for becoming updated to the human 4-chambered structure. This transformation is achieved in stages: the truncus yields the great arteries, appropriate shifting takes place in the great arteries, the left ventricle decreases in sponginess and increases in the size of its lumen, the chordopapillary apparatus becomes more sophisticated, the coronary circulation undergoes changes, and the ventricular septal defect closes. This evolutionary progression points to a master design and plan for countless millennia. (Solomon Victor, Vijaya M. Nayak, Raveen Rajasingh, "Evolution of the Ventricles," Texas Heart Institute Journal, Vol.26(3):168-75 (1999), internal citations removed.)
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