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Orthoptera: Difference between revisions
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Orthoptera are an order of insects. (Grasshoppers, crickets, and locusts are major example insects of Orthoptera.) Phylum of the Orthoptera is Arthropoda, because they can be distinguished by 3 parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. Also, they are enclosed in outer covering skin. | Orthoptera are an order of insects. (Grasshoppers, crickets, and locusts are major example insects of Orthoptera.) Phylum of the Orthoptera is Arthropoda, because they can be distinguished by 3 parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. Also, they are enclosed in outer covering skin. | ||
The Orthoptera produce sounds by rubbing their wings or legs. (Usually, male Orthoptera make sounds to attract females during breeding time. Most of the time, females are silent.) The female Orthoptera hatch eggs in the ground and in plants. The Orthoptera are dioecious species (“two houses” in Greek). To produce the eggs, both male and female are needed and they need to breed together. They are hemimetabolous species. In other words, they do not have pupa stage, but they look like small adult. [ | The Orthoptera produce sounds by rubbing their wings or legs. (Usually, male Orthoptera make sounds to attract females during breeding time. Most of the time, females are silent.) The female Orthoptera hatch eggs in the ground and in plants. The Orthoptera are dioecious species (“two houses” in Greek). To produce the eggs, both male and female are needed and they need to breed together. They are hemimetabolous species. In other words, they do not have pupa stage, but they look like small adult. [http://www.earthlife.net/insects/orthopta.html] | ||
The Orthoptera have ears on front legs. Among the grasshoppers, locusts, and cricekts, they have small differences. The grasshoppers and locusts have short antennae, but the crickets have long antennae. [http://www.earthlife.net/insects/orthopta.html] | The Orthoptera have ears on front legs. Among the grasshoppers, locusts, and cricekts, they have small differences. The grasshoppers and locusts have short antennae, but the crickets have long antennae. [http://www.earthlife.net/insects/orthopta.html] | ||
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The body of Orthoptera can be divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains the face and the antennae. The thorax contains the legs and wings. The abdomen contains with reproductive organs. | The body of Orthoptera can be divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains the face and the antennae. The thorax contains the legs and wings. The abdomen contains with reproductive organs. | ||
The head has large eyes. The large eyes are compound eyes, because lateral ocellus (placed in front of the each compound eye) and median ocellus (another simple eye which placed on the face view) make to forms of the eyes. The antennae are called third eyes. Movable basal segments are called scape, and another movable segment is called pedicel. Rest of the movable antennae is called flagellum, and non movable flagellum is called flagellomere. Lower part of the head has mouth parts. The upper lip is called labrum. Mandibles chew food. Maxillary palpi taste food. Labial palpi are lower lip. The grasshoppers’ cheek is called gena. | The head has large eyes. The large eyes are compound eyes, because lateral ocellus (placed in front of the each compound eye) and median ocellus (another simple eye which placed on the face view) make to forms of the eyes. The antennae are called third eyes. Movable basal segments are called scape, and another movable segment is called pedicel. Rest of the movable antennae is called flagellum, and non movable flagellum is called flagellomere. Lower part of the head has mouth parts. The upper lip is called labrum. Mandibles chew food. Maxillary palpi taste food. Labial palpi are lower lip. The grasshoppers’ cheek is called gena. [http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/hopper/anatomy.htm] | ||
Pronotum is an important area for the thorax to identify the species. Front legs are called prothoracic legs, middle legs are called mesothoracic legs, and jumping legs are called metathoracic legs. Narrow forewings are called tegmina. Leading edge of the forewing is called costal margin and trailing edge of the forewing is called inner margin. The wings and the legs are used to produce the sounds by rubbing those. | Pronotum is an important area for the thorax to identify the species. Front legs are called prothoracic legs, middle legs are called mesothoracic legs, and jumping legs are called metathoracic legs. Narrow forewings are called tegmina. Leading edge of the forewing is called costal margin and trailing edge of the forewing is called inner margin. The wings and the legs are used to produce the sounds by rubbing those. [http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/hopper/anatomy.htm] | ||
The abdomen is cylindrical shape with tergites (dorsally over lapping plates) and sternites (ventral plates). End of dorsal and ventral valves make an ovipositor which is used to lay the eggs into the ground. It acts as guiding laying the eggs. Male katydids and meadow grasshoppers has projecting cerci. The crickets have long cerci. The ovipositors have three types: cylindrical, projecting, and flattened and sharply upturned. The true crickets have cylindrical ovipositors. The katydids have projecting and flattened and sharply upturned types of the ovipositor. [http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/hopper/anatomy.htm] | The abdomen is cylindrical shape with tergites (dorsally over lapping plates) and sternites (ventral plates). End of dorsal and ventral valves make an ovipositor which is used to lay the eggs into the ground. It acts as guiding laying the eggs. Male katydids and meadow grasshoppers has projecting cerci. The crickets have long cerci. The ovipositors have three types: cylindrical, projecting, and flattened and sharply upturned. The true crickets have cylindrical ovipositors. The katydids have projecting and flattened and sharply upturned types of the ovipositor. [http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/hopper/anatomy.htm] | ||
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Males rub their wings or legs to produce the sounds. Some of the species grind jaws to produce the sounds. The grasshoppers rub the inside of their jumping legs on edges of their forewings to make the sounds. When they spread their wings, the sounds are amplified. | Males rub their wings or legs to produce the sounds. Some of the species grind jaws to produce the sounds. The grasshoppers rub the inside of their jumping legs on edges of their forewings to make the sounds. When they spread their wings, the sounds are amplified. | ||
By sound, smell, touch, and sight, the male Orthoptera attract the females. Each of theses species use different methods to attract the females. The grasshoppers dance by flying. The crickets and the katydids produce two different kinds of sounds. First one is used for long range. When the females come near by the males, the male crickets and katydids produce quieter sounds. Not only the sounds, but also the crickets and katydids use smell to attract the mates. The female giant wetas produce pheromones to attract the males. | By sound, smell, touch, and sight, the male Orthoptera attract the females. Each of theses species use different methods to attract the females. The grasshoppers dance by flying. The crickets and the katydids produce two different kinds of sounds. First one is used for long range. When the females come near by the males, the male crickets and katydids produce quieter sounds. Not only the sounds, but also the crickets and katydids use smell to attract the mates. The female giant wetas produce pheromones to attract the males. [http://animals.jrank.org/pages/2369/Grasshoppers-Crickets-Katydids-Orthoptera-BEHAVIOR-REPRODUCTION.html] | ||
The male Orthoptera insert sperm into female Orthoptera body directly. The sperm packet weights about 60% of the male’s body weight. The female crickets and katydids insert ovipositors into the ground or rotting wood to lay out the eggs. The female grasshoppers use valves on their abdomen instead of the ovipositors to lay out the eggs in the ground or the rotting wood. | The male Orthoptera insert sperm into female Orthoptera body directly. The sperm packet weights about 60% of the male’s body weight. The female crickets and katydids insert ovipositors into the ground or rotting wood to lay out the eggs. The female grasshoppers use valves on their abdomen instead of the ovipositors to lay out the eggs in the ground or the rotting wood. [http://animals.jrank.org/pages/2369/Grasshoppers-Crickets-Katydids-Orthoptera-BEHAVIOR-REPRODUCTION.html] | ||
After a few weeks or months, larvae hatch. Some species guard their eggs, but some species do not. Mole crickets lay their eggs in a special chamber and protect the eggs to prevent from spoiling. The larvae look like the adult insects, but they have undeveloped wings and reproductive organs. They do not go through pupa stages, but they develop by molting six to ten times to become the adult insects. [http://animals.jrank.org/pages/2369/Grasshoppers-Crickets-Katydids-Orthoptera-BEHAVIOR-REPRODUCTION.html] | After a few weeks or months, larvae hatch. Some species guard their eggs, but some species do not. Mole crickets lay their eggs in a special chamber and protect the eggs to prevent from spoiling. The larvae look like the adult insects, but they have undeveloped wings and reproductive organs. They do not go through pupa stages, but they develop by molting six to ten times to become the adult insects. [http://animals.jrank.org/pages/2369/Grasshoppers-Crickets-Katydids-Orthoptera-BEHAVIOR-REPRODUCTION.html] | ||
